Once an invasive species establishes a self-sustaining population, few options exist for mitigating its negative effects.  Eradication or control of invasive species can be successful under certain conditions, but eradication efforts can produce unexpected results , particularly when an invader has been established for long time periods, exhibits strong interactions with other species, or alters physical properties of an ecosystem. 

Rusty crayfish are invasive in the upper Midwest. Rusty crayfish eliminate aquatic plant beds and negatively impact panfish and invertebrate populations. Rusty crayfish were experimentally removed from Sparkling Lake, a 64 hectare lake in Vilas County, Wisconsin, from 2001-2008 via intensive trapping and changes in sport fish regulations in an attempt to restore the lake to pre-invaded conditions.  The removal was successful in reducing rusty crayfish catch rates by over 99%, and the native virile crayfish increased in abundance 100-fold over this time period.  As of 2019, rusty crayfish in Sparkling lake remain at low densities, and the aquatic ecosystem has exhibited substantial changes as a result. Monitoring of Sparkling Lake pre- and post- removal was conducted by the North Temperate Lakes LTER.